All Stories
TRANSMISSION_ID: DARS_AL_FIL_AL_MUDARI
STATUS: DECRYPTED

دَرْسُ الفِعْلِ المُضَارِعِ | The Lesson of the Present Tense

by Anastasia Chrome|5 min read|
"A forbidden encounter between a calligraphy master and his patron's wife unfolds through lessons on present tense verb conjugations in Classical Arabic."

دَرْسُ الفِعْلِ المُضَارِعِ

The Lesson of the Present Tense


الفصل الأول | Chapter One

تَجْلِسُ أَمَامِي كُلَّ صَبَاحٍ. أَنْظُرُ إِلَيْهَا وَهِيَ تُمْسِكُ القَلَمَ.

She sits before me every morning. I look at her as she holds the pen.

"مَاذَا تَفْعَلُ الآنَ؟" أَسْأَلُهَا.

"What are you doing now?" I ask her.

"أَكْتُبُ... أَتَعَلَّمُ... أُحَاوِلُ..." تُجِيبُ بِصَوْتٍ رَقِيقٍ.

"I write... I learn... I try..." she answers with a soft voice.


Grammar Note | ملاحظة نحوية:

الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ (al-fi'l al-muḍāri') - The Present/Imperfect Tense

The present tense in Classical Arabic indicates ongoing or habitual actions. Key features:

  • Begins with one of four letters: أ، ن، ي، ت (remembered as أَنَيْتُ)
  • أَكْتُبُ (aktubu) - "I write" - begins with أ for first person singular
  • تَجْلِسُ (tajlisu) - "she sits" - begins with ت for third person feminine

الفصل الثاني | Chapter Two

تَنْحَنِي عَلَى الوَرَقَةِ فَيَظْهَرُ نَحْرُهَا الأَبْيَضُ. أُحَاوِلُ أَنْ أُرَكِّزَ.

She bends over the paper and her white chest appears. I try to concentrate.

"يَجِبُ أَنْ تَنْتَبِهِي لِحَرَكَةِ اليَدِ،" أَقُولُ لَهَا.

"You must pay attention to the hand movement," I say to her.

تَرْفَعُ رَأْسَهَا وَتَبْتَسِمُ. "أَنْتَ تَنْظُرُ إِلَيَّ، لَا إِلَى الوَرَقَةِ."

She raises her head and smiles. "You are looking at me, not at the paper."


Grammar Note | ملاحظة نحوية:

حروف المضارعة - Present Tense Prefixes

| الضمير | الحرف | المثال | الترجمة | |--------|-------|--------|---------| | أَنَا | أَ | أَنْظُرُ | I look | | نَحْنُ | نَ | نَنْظُرُ | we look | | أَنْتَ/هِيَ | تَ | تَنْظُرُ | you (m)/she looks | | هُوَ | يَ | يَنْظُرُ | he looks |


الفصل الثالث | Chapter Three

تَسْأَلُنِي: "مَا الفَرْقُ بَيْنَ 'تَكْتُبُ' وَ'يَكْتُبُ'؟"

She asks me: "What is the difference between 'taktub' and 'yaktub'?"

أُجِيبُهَا وَأَنَا أَقْتَرِبُ مِنْهَا: "'تَكْتُبُ' لِلمُخَاطَبِ المُذَكَّرِ أَوِ الغَائِبَةِ المُؤَنَّثَةِ، وَ'يَكْتُبُ' لِلغَائِبِ المُذَكَّرِ."

I answer her while approaching her: "'Taktub' is for the masculine addressee or the absent feminine, and 'yaktub' is for the absent masculine."

"إِذَنْ... أَنْتَ تَقْتَرِبُ؟" تَهْمِسُ.

"So... you are approaching?" she whispers.


Grammar Note | ملاحظة نحوية:

التمييز بين الضمائر - Distinguishing Between Pronouns

The same prefix can indicate different subjects:

  • تَكْتُبُ = أَنْتَ (you, m.s.) OR هِيَ (she)
  • Context and endings distinguish them:
    • أَنْتِ تَكْتُبِينَ (you, f.s. write)
    • هِيَ تَكْتُبُ (she writes)

الفصل الرابع | Chapter Four

أَضَعُ يَدِي فَوْقَ يَدِهَا. "هَكَذَا تُمْسِكِينَ القَلَمَ."

I place my hand over her hand. "This is how you hold the pen."

تَرْتَجِفُ تَحْتَ لَمْسَتِي. "وَمَاذَا تَفْعَلُ أَنْتَ الآنَ؟"

She trembles under my touch. "And what are you doing now?"

"أُعَلِّمُكِ... أُرْشِدُكِ... أَلْمِسُكِ..."

"I teach you... I guide you... I touch you..."


Grammar Note | ملاحظة نحوية:

تصريف الفعل المضارع الكامل - Full Present Tense Conjugation

للفعل "يَفْعَلُ" (to do):

| المفرد | Singular | الجمع | Plural | |--------|----------|-------|--------| | أَفْعَلُ | I do | نَفْعَلُ | we do | | تَفْعَلُ | you (m.s.) do | تَفْعَلُونَ | you (m.pl.) do | | تَفْعَلِينَ | you (f.s.) do | تَفْعَلْنَ | you (f.pl.) do | | يَفْعَلُ | he does | يَفْعَلُونَ | they (m.) do | | تَفْعَلُ | she does | يَفْعَلْنَ | they (f.) do |


الفصل الخامس | Chapter Five

تَتَنَفَّسُ بِصُعُوبَةٍ. "زَوْجِي يَعُودُ مَسَاءً..."

She breathes with difficulty. "My husband returns in the evening..."

"نَحْنُ الآنَ نَتَعَلَّمُ النَّحْوَ فَقَطْ،" أَقُولُ لَهَا.

"We are now only learning grammar," I tell her.

تَضْحَكُ. "أَتَعَلَّمُ أَمْ أَشْتَعِلُ؟"

She laughs. "Am I learning or burning?"


Grammar Note | ملاحظة نحوية:

إعراب الفعل المضارع - Present Tense Case Endings

The present tense verb has three cases:

  1. المرفوع (Nominative) - default, ends in ضمة (ُ): يَكْتُبُ
  2. المنصوب (Accusative) - after أَنْ، لَنْ، كَيْ: يَكْتُبَ
  3. المجزوم (Jussive) - after لَمْ، لَا الناهية: يَكْتُبْ

الفصل السادس | Chapter Six

"لَنْ أَتَوَقَّفَ عَنِ التَّعَلُّمِ،" تَقُولُ.

"I will not stop learning," she says.

"لَنْ أَتَوَقَّفَ عَنِ التَّعْلِيمِ،" أَرُدُّ.

"I will not stop teaching," I respond.

نَلْتَقِي كُلَّ يَوْمٍ. تَتَعَلَّمُ الخَطَّ وَأَتَعَلَّمُ الصَّبْرَ.

We meet every day. She learns calligraphy and I learn patience.


Grammar Note | ملاحظة نحوية:

لَنْ + المضارع المنصوب - lan + Subjunctive

لَنْ (lan) negates the future and requires the subjunctive:

  • لَنْ أَتَوَقَّفَ (lan atawaqafa) - "I will not stop"
  • The final فتحة (ـَ) indicates the accusative/subjunctive

الفصل السابع | Chapter Seven

تَسْأَلُنِي: "لِمَاذَا لَا تَلْمِسُنِي أَكْثَرَ؟"

She asks me: "Why don't you touch me more?"

"لِأَنَّنِي أَخَافُ..." أَعْتَرِفُ.

"Because I fear..." I confess.

"لَا تَخَفْ. هُوَ لَا يَعْلَمُ شَيْئًا."

"Don't fear. He knows nothing."


Grammar Note | ملاحظة نحوية:

لَا + المضارع المجزوم - Negative Command

لَا النَّاهِيَة (prohibitive lā) + jussive = "don't":

  • لَا تَخَفْ (lā takhaf) - "don't fear"
  • The verb loses its final vowel (becomes مجزوم)
  • Compare: يَخَافُ (he fears) → لَا يَخَفْ (he shouldn't fear)

الخاتمة | Conclusion

فِي كُلِّ دَرْسٍ، نَتَقَدَّمُ خُطْوَةً. هِيَ تَتَعَلَّمُ الحُرُوفَ، وَأَنَا أَتَعَلَّمُ حُدُودِي.

In every lesson, we advance a step. She learns the letters, and I learn my limits.

وَالفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ يَسْتَمِرُّ... كَمَا تَسْتَمِرُّ رَغْبَتُنَا.

And the present tense continues... as our desire continues.


ملخص القواعد | Grammar Summary

الفعل المضارع - The Present Tense:

  1. حروف المضارعة: أ، ن، ي، ت (أَنَيْتُ)
  2. الإعراب: مرفوع، منصوب، مجزوم
  3. أدوات النصب: أَنْ، لَنْ، كَيْ، حَتَّى، لام التعليل
  4. أدوات الجزم: لَمْ، لَمَّا، لَا الناهية، لام الأمر

تمارين | Exercises

صَرِّفِ الأَفْعَالَ التَّالِيَةَ فِي المُضَارِعِ: Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense:

  1. قَرَأَ → يَقْرَأُ (to read)
  2. سَمِعَ → يَسْمَعُ (to hear)
  3. رَأَى → يَرَى (to see)
  4. أَحَبَّ → يُحِبُّ (to love)
  5. عَرَفَ → يَعْرِفُ (to know)

انتهى الدرس الثاني End of the Second Lesson

End Transmission